A chemistry student working in the lab might be asked to calculate how much 1. Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers sciencedirect. Handbook of thermoplastic elastomers, second edition presents a comprehensive working knowledge of thermoplastic elastomers tpes, providing an essential introduction for those learning the basics, but also detailed engineering data and best practice guidance for those already involved in polymerization, processing, and part manufacture. The chemistry of the polyurethane dispersion will dictate the performance properties. Calculations in as and a level chemistry fills a gap in the market and provides excellent coverage of the calculations needed at a level. Used in industrial and commercial applications benefits. A practical handbook rather than merely a chemistry reference, szychers handbook of polyurethanes, second edition offers an easytofollow compilation of.
Polyurethanes can be prepared from hardsoft, from elastomeric to rigid. Urethane and polyurethane technical data and design guide. Teachscience101 gcse chemistry calculations revision booklet. Despite its popular uses, polyurethane science has only relatively recently achieved. Polyurethane, any of a class of synthetic resinous, fibrous, or elastomeric compounds belonging to the family of organic polymers made by the reaction of diisocyanates organic compounds containing two functional groups of structure. Chapter 3 chemistry of polyurethane adhesives and sealants d. All main syllabus topics involving numerical problems are covered, and worked examples lead the student on to past alevel questions and problems. The graphene, polyurethane pu, calcium carbonate cc, and absorption of cc in graphenepu composite, respectively, were studied using theoretical calculations like gibbs free energy, log p, fourier transform infrared ftir, and electrostatic potential.
Our laboratories are constantly expanding the horizons of polyurethane chemistry. Polyurethanes pu are produced through a complex synthesis between isocyanates with at least 2 nco groups in the molecule and polyols with 2 or more hydroxyl groups, oh, in the molecule, in the presence of suitable catalysts systems based on aliphatic amines andor organic tin salts. F is the number of reactive groups per mole of compound. Resin and hardener required for an amount of mix quantity. But, since we now have a fuel composition calculator, let us use the nz products to calculate a fuel composition. Rigid polyurethanes foaming with co2 as physical blowing. Describe the calculations used in the preparation of polyurethane foams. Index is most often considered a dimensionless value not a percent, as it is the ratio of the equivalent amount of isocyanate used relative to the theoretical equivalent amount times 100. I would like to thank the united soybean board for financial support of the experimental studies used to validate the modeling work and thank fsi. Very good movement capabilities, up to 50% astm c 920, class 25 and 50 excellent bonding, generally without a primer for many surfaces can be formulated for good. This book considers the raw materials used to build the polyurethane polymeric architecture.
While flexible polyurethane foam is the primary filling component in soft furnishing products, polyester fiber battings, expanded polystyrene beads, feathers, and downs fine feathers are also used in modern furniture. Flexible polyurethane foams are one of the most important classes of cellular plastic and can be applied in the. Preparation of laboratoryscale polyurethane foams is described with formulations that are easy to implement in experiments for undergraduate students. A guide to formulating polyurethane dispersions for use in. This is a book that can be used either as a textbook or as a reference book on your desk. The polyol is a trihydroxy compound and therefore has an f of 3 while the diidsocyanate and chain extender have fs. The first of these is the subject of the latest rapra handbook.
I started to read this book in 1989 and used the knowledge in this book when i conducted laboratory research on polyurethanes a year later. Options for polyurethane chemistry 20201 adhesives. Its concerntration is measured by weight percent nco. The main raw materials used for the production of polyurethanes are polyols, isocyanates and propylene oxide. How to make polyurethane adhesive formula articles. Yntegra polyurethane dispersions are high solids dispersions of polyurethane polyurea polymers in water. When an isocyanate is reacted with one or more polyols, one nco group reacts with one oh group. Polyurethanes in composition and production of polyurethane. Dec 11, 1985 this uptodate, authoritative handbook and reference work covers all aspects of polyurethane product research and development, processing technology and applications, economy, and ecology.
For info regarding any of the following calculations, please click on the links below. Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 slp2, hlp2, slp3 and hlp3. This new edition of a bestseller is an invaluable reference for technologists, marketers, suppliers, and academicians who require. This new edition of a bestseller is an invaluable reference for technologists, marketers. We have the most advanced polyurethane laboratories in the country, serviced by over 15 of australias leading polyurethane industrial chemists. A practical handbook rather than merely a chemistry reference, szychers handbook of polyurethanes, second edition offers an easytofollow compilation of crucial new information on polyurethane technology, which is irreplaceable in a wide range of applications. How can i calculate the molar ratio for the components of. Often, ester, ether, urea and aromatic rings are also present along. Gcse chemistry calculations revision booklet teaching. Also shoes, or parts of them, can be made of polyurethane. It was written to cover the calculations in uk as and a level chemistry syllabuses. Polyurethane adhesives 2 components can be elastic or rigid adhesive, depending on the structure of thermoset or elastomer which acquires the adhesive once it has solidified or cured. There are relatively few calculations on this site, but you might be interested in my chemistry calculations book. While most polyurethanes are thermosetting polymers that do not melt when heated, thermoplastic polyurethanes are also available polyurethane polymers are traditionally and most commonly formed by reacting a di or triisocyanate with a polyol.
Chapters are clearly laid out, with plenty of worked examples, and there are helpful notes throughout. Szychers handbook of polyurethanes routledge handbooks. Pharos is a tool to help scientists, researchers, and product innovators identify problematic chemicals and collaborate to find safer alternatives. Introduction the versatility of polyurethane chemistry permits the production of a great variety of materials such depending on the initial ingredients used in the synthesis1. Moameri, and all the members in polyurethane foam research group for their support and dedication.
Xudongfeng executive director institute for molecular engineering university of chicago agenda polyurethane chemistry introduction applications chemistry and socioeconomic impact innovation in pu chemistry polyurethane isocyanate emissions and. Chemistry data booklet ib chemistry revision notes and. A guide to formulating polyurethane dispersions for use in coating, adhesive, sealant and elastomer applications. Szychers handbook of polyurethanes routledge handbooks online. Chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethane. Calculate the amount of hardener required for a given amount of resin. Furthermore, the relative amounts of the precursors that have to be combined to. This edition has been completely restructured, rewritten and enlarged by approximately 50%. In the first part of this thesis, an overview of the current chemistry and foaming processes used in the production of rigid polyurethane foam are reported. Alberdingk boley waterbased polyurethane dispersions dur 95 ohfunctional pu dispersion, very hard, high scratch resistance and very high chemical resistance, good adhesion on difficult substrates, fast curing. This book is written for processors and users of polyurethanes. The strength of polyurethane chemistry is the versatility in raw materials and the many different properties which can be obtained. Moreover, their development potential has yet to be exhausted by any means. Chapter 3 chemistry of polyurethane adhesives and sealants.
Polyurethane pur and pu is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate urethane links. Ftir spectroscopy reveals information about the molecular interactions of chemical. If you have found this site helpful, you should find the book will help you as well. This give a basic overview of polyurethane chemistry, with a focus on cast elastomers. Calculations for alevel chemistry fourth edition by eileen ramsden a guide for alevel chemistry students which is also intended to be useful to those studying for btec national certificate and diploma. A practical handbook rather than merely a chemistry reference, szychers. This new edition of a bestseller is an invaluable reference for technologists, marketers, suppliers, and academicians who require cuttingedge, commercially valuable data on the most advanced uses for polyurethane. Polyurethanes, like all plastics, are polymers made by reacting diisocyanates mdi andor tdi with a range of polyols. Introduction to polyurethanes although the reaction between isocyanate and hydroxyl compounds was originally identified in the 19th century, the foundations of the polyurethanes industry were laid in the late 1930s with the discovery, by otto bayer, of the chemistry of the polyaddition reaction between diisocyanate and diols to form. Care must be taken that you are aware what form the %oh and %nco are in. Since the polyurethane reactive chemistry is performed at dow, the user does not have to.
With over 50 years of industry experience, our broad and versatile product portfolio of isocyanates, polyols, polyurethane additives and surfactants as well as polyurethane systems allow fast cure, excellent flexibility, superior bond strength and much more. Calculations for alevel chemistry free download pdf. Flexible polyurethane foam is used in cushioning for furniture, footwear, cars, mattresses and other applications rigid polyurethane foam is used to make several types of insulation found in buildings, appliances, cars and other equipment other forms of polyurethane, such as coatings, adhesives and sealants, are used in building and construction, industrial and commercial. Department of homeland security such as medical, transportation and logistics, food and agriculture, energy, and defense. New applications are being constantly identified and the product range will be further development. The formed polyurethane bonds have high chemical resistances against many environmental conditions. This allows students to develop alternative formulations to the ones. Calculation of the required amount of 600d to cast with a hot cure mdi based prepolymer calculation of the required amount of moca mbca to cast with a hot cure tdi based prepolymer. This uptodate, authoritative handbook and reference work covers all aspects of polyurethane product research and development, processing technology and applications, economy, and ecology. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Chemistry higher level paper 2 candidate session number 23 pages 2 hours 15 minutes. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. Dow polyurethanes, a leading supplier of polyurethane raw materials, offers one of the broadest lines of polyurethane products and. Phosgene is reacted with diamine x, derived from phenylamine.
No other work gives a more comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. The chemistry of polyurethane elastomers robert czeiszperger anderson development company. Two revised courses will feature updated information to enhance the learning experience. Handbook of analysis of synthetic polymers and plastics. Polyurethanes are one of the most versatile plastic materials available. While most polyurethanes are thermosetting polymers that do not melt when heated, thermoplastic polyurethanes are also available. Ncooh ration calculation optimized formulations forum. Cpi announces course curriculum for polyurethane professional. Banhegyis comments, you can also use equivalent wt. Polyurethanes casting blending calculator anderson.
Calculators to help you calculate curative weight from prepolymer weight, prepolymercurative weight from total pour weight, wt% and eq% in blended curatives, and helpful spreadsheets. Since the first polyurethanes book was published in 1987, and reprinted with updates in 1990, the world of polyurethanes has changed dramatically. A complete overview of a key plastic one of the most versatile polymer materials, polyurethanes have a unique chemical nature that allows for shaping and molding to fit all sorts of consumer and industrial products seat cushions, carpets, insulation, coatings, and refrigerators to name a few. This is a completely updated version of the book polyurethanes for coatings published in 1999. Epoxy and urethane calculations crosslink technology inc.
Creative commons sharealike other resources by this author. Atmospheric emissions of the diisocyanates mdi and tdi during isocyanate production and during most applications carried out in closed equipment with vent controls are usually low. Depending on the reactive polyol and the structure of the diisocyanate, polyurethanes can provide excellent abrasion resistance, superb elasticity, and high hardness. Characteristics of the preflashover design fire new zealand, cvm2 we input the yields defined in the table soot yield of 0. The simple simple chemistry combustion model, considers a single fuel species that is composed of c, h, o, and n that reacts with oxygen air in one mixingcontrolled step to form the product species consisting of h 2 o, co 2, soot, n 2, and co. I was guided with this book thoughout my polyurethane researches in the following 10 years. Polyurethane polymers have traditionally exhibited high toughness and versatility in coating, adhesive, sealant and elastomer case applications. Polyurethane polymers are traditionally and most commonly formed by reacting a di or triisocyanate with a polyol. This listing may be handwritten in a databook, handwritten on a foam machine run. Polyurethanes are formed by reacting a polyol an alcohol with more than two reactive hydroxyl groups per molecule with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate in the presence of suitable catalysts and additives. Depending on the desired end product, chemical formulations may contain other ingredients such as catalysts, blowing agents and possibly flame retardants.
Updated fds combustion and fuel composition calculators. Expanded polyurethane is outstanding in insulating buildings from water, heat and noise, so it is used for home insulation. Polyurethanes are made by the exothermic reactions between alcohols with two or more reactive hydroxyl oh groups per molecule diols, triols, polyols and isocyanates that have more than one reactive isocyanate group nco per molecule diisocyanates, polyisocyanates. The urethane linkages formed in polyurethane preparation are exceptionally stable to the elements. Dow polyurethanes foam preparation calculations dow answer. Era polymers physical testing laboratory is nata accredited to the following scope of accreditation. Polyurethane a versatile compound cured polyurethane diisocyanate type 1 tdi 2 mdi 3 ppdi 4 h12mdi 5 hdi 6 todi polyol type 1 polyether 2 polyester 3 polycaprolactone 4 polycarbonate curave type 1 mboca 2 butanediol 3 tmp 4 tipa 5 diethyltoluene diamne part a, prepolymer or resin part b, curave or poly. Polyurethane foam an overview sciencedirect topics. Useful stoichiometric calculations the latest green chemistry applications a. Era polymers testing equipment era polymers polyurethane. Polyurethanes are produced by reacting diisocyanates with polyols. Polyurethanes are useful as floor and wall coatings in buildings. This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination slp1 and hlp1, but the periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers.
Company providing foam formulas and technology support. Polyurethane chemistry is complex, but the basics are relatively easy to understand. Ethyl carbamate historically used as a cancer fighting drug, but found to cause cancer itself. Physicochemical analysis of flexible polyurethane foams. How can i calculate the molar ratio for the components of a. Particular attention is given to formulation aspects that are based on the main chemical reactions occurring in polyurethane production. The polyol is a trihydroxy compound and therefore has an f of 3 while the diidsocyanate and chain extender have fs of two as each has two. Raw materials pu are formed by chemical reaction between a dipoly isocyanate and a diol or polyol, forming repeating urethane groups, generally, in presence of a chain extender, catalyst, andor other additives. A practical handbook rather than merely a chemistry reference, szychers handbook of polyurethanes, second edition offers an easytofollow compilation of crucial new information on polyurethane. Other chemicals, such as catalysts, surfactants and flame retardants, may be included in the process. Thus the final, high molecular weight polymer is normally manufactured by the individual polyurethane processor and not in the plant of the producer of the polyurethane precursors. Covestro is your reliable partner for polyurethane chemistry. It provides a greater focus on the whole range of components used to produce polyurethanes, a more detailed analysis of environmental issues.
Polyurethane chemistry is of great significance in many applications worldwide. The world of polyurethanes polyurethanes in a changing world market the complex technology of polyurethanes. Chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethanes. They provide the performance of a polyurethane and the convenience of a waterborne latex.
Articles how to make polyurethane adhesive formula. Cicecoaveiro institute of materials and department of chemistry, university of aveiro. Nco with other difunctional compounds such as glycols. U 042 excellent hydrolysis resistance, excellent flexibility, outstanding colorfastness, high heat stability, excellent. Szychers handbook of polyurethanes, second edition. Chemistry data booklet national 5 for use in national qualification courses publication date.
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