Plasmodium malariae prevalence and csp gene diversity, kenya. Plasmodium malariae recognized since 2000 years ago discovered by charles louis alphonse laveran 1880 500 million people will be infected with malaria worldwide one of the least studied of the six species that infect humans widely found in subsaharan africa, southeast asia, and islands in the western pacific source. Malaria, caused by plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, or plasmodium ovale, is a major health problem in most countries lying between the tropics of cancer and capricorn, with over 2 billion people living in countries where malaria is transmitted. Plasmodium malariae prevalence and csp gene diversity.
This is because mosquitoes, unlike vertebrates, do not have red blood cells in which the parasite. All four species exhibit a similar life cycle with only minor variations. Plasmodium malariae is a malariacausing parasite that colonizes the blood of a human host. Malaria is a mosquitoborne disease caused by small, onecelled parasites called plasmodium that infect and destroy red blood cells. Nov 11, 2016 malaria is caused by six plasmodium species. Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale curtisi, plasmodium ovale wallikeri, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium knowlesi. Four species of plasmodia causing human malaria are plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale. Other articles where plasmodium malariae is discussed. Delay in preparation of the smears can result in changes in parasite morphology.
Malaria is both an acute and chronic disease caused by protozoa of the genus plasmodium. Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of plasmodium species involve development in a bloodfeeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal. Local transmission of plasmodium vivax malariavirginia, 2002. Parasites grow within a vertebrate body tissue often the liver before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. Background plasmodium malariae is the most neglected of the six human malaria species and it is still unknown which is the mechanism underlying the long latency of this plasmodium. Described here is the first population genetic study of plasmodium malariae, the causative agent of quartan malaria. Malaria surveillance protocol january 2017 malaria is a parasitic infection that results from being bitten by an infected female anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoan that causes malaria in humans. Plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovalethe bashful malaria parasites. Plasmodium malariae is frequently named quartan malaria because the fever recurs on the fourth day after a twoday interval. Incubation time between infective bite and appearance of clinical symptoms is about 714 days for p. Malaria is a disease that is both preventable and curable, but still continues to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Human plasmodium species were excluded by us ing a conventional nested pcr and realtime pcr 8,9.
Basic malaria united states centers for disease control. Equal opportunity employer malaria fact sheet agent. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans and macaques, thailand. In addition, plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae were never detected by microscopy, while they were detected by rflpdhplc, in 11. While found worldwide, it is a socalled benign malaria and is not nearly as dangerous as. While found worldwide, it is a socalled benign malaria and is not nearly as dangerous as that produced by p.
Malaria infects over 200 million people annually, mostly in poor tropical and subtropical countries of africa. Occasionally, transmission occurs by blood transfusion, organ transplantation, needlesharing, or congenitally from mother to foetus. Malaria centers for disease control and prevention. Further reading bench aiods for malaria microscopy. Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. Definition, life cycle, characteristics and adaptations. Human plasmodium knowlesi infection detected by rapid. Plasmodium malariae accessed 9 january 2018 usually considered to have a low morbidity rate in the early stages of the disease, febrile episodes occur irregularly but eventually become more synchronous, assuming the usual tertian p. However, malaria may also be transmitted by blood transfusion or organ transplantation. Etiology malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite plasmodium 3. Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale brief description. See more ideas about malaria parasite, microbiology and medical laboratory science.
Plasmodium ovale centers for disease control and prevention. Terrie taylor, tsiri agbenyega, in hunters tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease ninth edition, 20. Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with the plasmodium parasite bites you. Glomerular disease is particularly a feature of plasmodium malariae. Prior to 2004, only 4 species of plasmodium were known to cause malaria in humans. A chart showing the lifecycle of the malaria parasite by centers for disease control and prevention cdc public domain life cycle of plasmodium falciparum according to research studies, the survival and development of plasmodium through all the life cycle processes made possible by well over 5,000 genes and associated proteins. There are four kinds of malaria parasites that can infect humans. Naturally acquired human infections with plasmodium knowlesi are endemic to southeast asia. Nonfalciparum malaria refers to malaria infection due to plasmodium species other than p. Deaths due to plasmodium knowlesi malaria in sabah, malaysia.
Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. It is prevalent in the middle east, asia, the western pacific and central and south america. In some cases, the illness can progress to severe anemia, kidney and respiratory failure, coma and even death. Plasmodium malariae is a malaria parasite that causes a disease that has been recognized since the greek and roman civilizations over 2,000 years ago. Causes a chronic infection that can last a lifetime wikipedia. Capillary blood should be obtained by fingerstick, or venous blood should be. With the exception of the horn, it is rarer in africa, where there is a high prevalence of the duffynegative phenotype, particularly in west africa, although cases are reported in both mauritania and mali 3. Asexual cycle lasts 24 hours longer than other spp. Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells in mammals including humans, birds, and reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate zones. Note the classic rosette appearance of the merozoites. Capillary blood should be obtained by fingerstick, or venous blood should be obtained by venipuncture. Blood smears, at least two thick and two thin, should be prepared as soon as possible after collection. Plasmodium malariae centers for disease control and. Coxsingh j, davis tm, lee ks, shamsul ss, matusop a, ratnam s, rahman ha, conway dj, singh b.
Delay in preparation of the smears can result in changes in parasite morphol. Specificity of the igg antibody response to plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum plasmodium knowlesi plasmodium malariae plasmodium ovale plasmodium vivax. Falling plasmodium knowlesi malaria death rate among adults despite rising incidence, sabah, malaysia, 20102014. Symptoms vary depending on the type of plasmodium causing the infection, but might include high fever, chills, sweats, and headache. It is one of several species of plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including also plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, responsible for most malarial infection. Malaria is caused by intracellular plasmodium protozoa transmitted to humans by female anopheles mosquitoes. Preparation of blood smears cdcpdf pdf, 77 kb staining for malaria parasites cdcpdf pdf, 44 kb laboratory diagnosis of. Malaria is an acute or subacute infectious disease caused by one of four protozoan species of the genus plasmodium. There are approximately 156 named species of plasmodium which infect various species of vertebrates. Plasmodium malariae centers for disease control and prevention.
Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans and macaques. The fevers of the other three malaria species recur on the third day after a oneday interval. It is one of several species of plasmodium parasites that infect humans including plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most malarial infection. Plasmodium falciparum is the plasmodium species responsible for 85 % of the malaria cases.
Threshold cutoff values for the assays were estimated using sera from us citizens with no history of foreign travel and by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis using diagnostic samples. A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Plasmodium species capable of causing malaria include. Malaria fact sheet georgia department of public health. Comparative population structure of plasmodium malariae. Malaria is a mosquitoborne disease caused by a parasite. Four species are considered true parasites of humans, as they utilize humans almost exclusively as a natural intermediate host. Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and plasmodium vivax. After the discovery by alphonse laveran in 1880 that the causative agent for malaria was a parasite, detailed studies on. The protozoa are transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus anopheles. However, there are periodic reports of simian malaria parasites.
Five species of parasites within the genus plasmodium are the agents for malaria. Plasmodium malariae is the only human malaria parasite species with a 72hour intraerythrocytic cycle and the ability to persist in the host for life. Quartan, tertian, and semitertian patterns of fever in patients were described by the early greeks. This study compares the population parameters of the two. People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flulike illness. Four different plasmodium can cause disease in humans. Plasmodium falciparum, 2 plasmodium vivax, 3 plasmodium malariae and 4 plasmodium ovale.
This study in 20082009 and retrospective analysis of malaria species in human blood samples obtained in. In addition, pcr analysis was performed on a blood sample by using diagnostic primers for plasmodium small subunit ssu rrna as described 3, including genusspecific and speciesspecific primers. Plasmodium, a genus of parasitic protozoans of the sporozoan subclass coccidia that are the causative organisms of malaria. United states centers for disease control and prevention, which contains. Determination of the infecting plasmodium species for treatment purposes is important for four main reasons. The presence of asexual parasites in host red blood cells. While there are approximately 430 species of anopheles, only 3040 transmit malaria 1. Source humans are the only important reservoir for human malaria. Human antibody competition titration assays using msp1 19 proteins from four plasmodium species.
Education and information regarding malaria and the biology of the disease including life cycle, mosquitoes, parasites and human factors. For years it has been estimated that there may be 300500 million new. Merozoites can occasionally be arranged as a rosette pattern. Plasmodium malariae an overview sciencedirect topics. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. Plasmodium lemuris author index subject index the electronic version was produced in 2003 by james j. Malaria is a serious disease thats caused by a parasite that is spread by a certain type of. Found worldwide, it causes a socalled benign malaria, not nearly as dangerous as that produced by p. After the discovery by alphonse laveran in 1880 75 that the causative agent for malaria was. Refer to section 8 for more detail on severe malaria. Basic malaria united states centers for disease control and.
Plasmodium malariae occurs in both tropical and subtropical areas. Plasmodium life cycle the malaria parasite exhibits a complex life cycle involving an insect vector mosquito and a vertebrate host human. Malaria matters page 1 of 2 april 2008 malaria matters this podcast is presented by the centers for disease control and prevention. The three less common and less dangerous plasmodium species are. The level of asexual parasitaemia determined by microscopy can be expressed in several ways. Plasmodium vivax accounts for approximately half of all malaria cases outside africa. During a blood meal, a malaria infected female anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human. Malaria from the italian mal aria, meaning bad air is an acute and sometimes chronic infection of the bloodstream characterized clinically by fever, anemia and splenomegaly and caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus plasmodium. Glomerular disease may be caused by malaria, leading to proteinuria, hematuria, and nephrotic syndrome. Transmission can also occur by direct inoculation of infected red. Some types of malaria cause less severe illness, but if. However, there are periodic reports of simian malaria. Capillary blood should be obtained by fingerstick, or venous blood should be obtained. Sullivan, gregory noland, and leanne ward, biology and diagnostics branch of the division of parasitic diseases cdc.
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